About Shading, Transferring and Enlarging

Shading

Shading: Used to give an object the illusion of 3-D form, shading is created by using the side of a pencil and increasing the pressure against the paper to gradually darken the value on one side of an object.

Stippling: Stippling (also called pointillism and Benday dots) is a series of evenly spaced dots. The closer the dots, the greater the value.

Hatching: Hatching is a series of parallel lines. The closer the lines, the greater the value. Hatching usually follows the contour of an object to show its shape.

Crosshatching: Crosshatching is a series of hatching lines that cross each other in a gridlike pattern. Cast Shadow: The shadow of an object as it falls on another surface. The closer to 90º the angle between an object and the direction of light it blocks, the bigger its shadow.

Copying and Transferring

Charcoal Transfer: Drawing heavily with charcoal, darken the outline of the picture to be transferred. Place the paper with the picture face down on top of a blank piece of paper and rub the back of it with palm of hand. Before removing the top paper, check that the transfer is complete by lifting a corner of the sketch. The contour will appear in reverse.

Window Copy: Place a blank piece of paper on top of the picture to be copied. Holding both pieces together, place them against a window and trace around the picture. This process works best with light-weight paper.

Carbon Transfer: Using the side of a pencil or chalk or oil pastel, color the back of the picture to be transferred. Place the original picture on top of a second piece of paper and trace around the picture’s outline.

Fold and Copy: Fold or measure the paper into 6 or 8 sections. Fold or measure the original picture into the same number of sections. One section at a time, copy the picture onto the blank paper, reducing or enlarging each section to fit into the other paper.

Enlarging

Grid: To enlarge a picture using a grid, mark a grid on each paper. Make the grid spaces larger on a relative-size grid on larger paper (e.g., mark 1” squares on the 6x9 paper and 2” squares on the 12x18 paper). Using a ruler, mark grids on both the original picture and the new paper. Copy the lines and spaces, using exactly the same relationships, from the grid boxes on the picture to the grid boxes on the blank paper. If enlarging, keep the lines and spaces in the same proportion in the large-grid boxes as in the small-grid boxes. To avoid mis-copying, place a small X in every section to be left empty.